He Manaʻo Kūʻokoʻa o ka Monocrystalline Silicon Growth Method

He Manaʻo Kūʻokoʻa o ka Monocrystalline Silicon Growth Method

1. Ka hope o ka Monocrystalline Silicon Development

ʻO ka holomua o ka ʻenehana a me ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka noi no nā huahana akamai kiʻekiʻe i hoʻoikaika i ke kūlana kumu o ka ʻoihana integrated circuit (IC) i ka hoʻomohala ʻāina. Ma ke ʻano he pōhaku kihi o ka ʻoihana IC, he hana koʻikoʻi ka semiconductor monocrystalline silicon i ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka ʻenehana a me ka ulu waiwai.

Wahi a ka ʻikepili mai ka International Semiconductor Industry Association, ua hōʻea ka mākeke wafer semiconductor honua i kahi helu kūʻai o $ 12.6 biliona, me nā hoʻouna e piʻi ana i 14.2 biliona iniha square. Eia kekahi, ke piʻi mau nei ka noi no nā wafer silika.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻoihana wafer silika honua, me nā mea hoʻolako ʻelima kiʻekiʻe ma luna o 85% o ka māhele mākeke, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma lalo nei.

• Shin-Etsu Chemical (Iapana)

• SUMCO (Iapana)

• Nā Wafers honua

• Siltronic (Kelemānia)

• SK Siltron (Kolea Hema)

ʻO kēia oligopoly ka hopena i ka hilinaʻi nui ʻana o Kina i nā wafers silicon monocrystalline i lawe ʻia mai, a ua lilo ia i hoʻokahi o nā bottlenecks nui e kaupalena ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻoihana kaapuni hoʻohui ʻia o ka ʻāina.

No ka lanakila ʻana i nā pilikia i kēia manawa i ka ʻoihana semiconductor silicon monocrystal manufacturing, ʻo ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana i ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i nā hana hana home he koho hiki ʻole.

2. Nānā o ka Monocrystalline Silicon Material

ʻO ka silikoni monocrystalline ke kumu o ka ʻoihana kaapuni i hoʻohui ʻia. I kēia lā, ʻoi aku ma mua o 90% o nā pahu IC a me nā mea uila e hoʻohana ʻia ana me ka silicon monocrystalline ma ke ʻano he kumu mua. ʻO ka nui o ka noi no ka monocrystalline silicon a me kāna mau noi ʻoihana like ʻole hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia i kekahi mau kumu:

1. Palekana a me ke Kaiapuni: He nui ka silikoni i loko o ka lepo o ka Honua, ʻaʻohe mea ʻawaʻawa, a pili kaiapuni.

2. Hoʻokohu Uila: Hōʻike maoli ʻo Silicon i nā waiwai insulation uila, a ma ka mālama ʻana i ka wela, hana ia i kahi papa pale o ka silicon dioxide, kahi e pale pono ai i ka nalowale o ka uku uila.

3. ʻenehana ulu oʻo: ʻO ka mōʻaukala lōʻihi o ka hoʻomohala ʻenehana i nā kaʻina hana ulu silika ua ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi ma mua o nā mea semiconductor ʻē aʻe.

Mālama pū kēia mau mea i ka silika monocrystalline ma ke poʻo o ka ʻoihana, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia e nā mea ʻē aʻe.

Ma nā ʻōlelo o ka ʻano aniani, ʻo ka silikon monocrystalline kahi mea i hana ʻia mai nā ʻātoma silika i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i loko o kahi lattice periodic, e hana ana i kahi hana mau. ʻO ia ke kumu o ka ʻoihana hana chip.

Hōʻike ke kiʻi ma lalo nei i ke kaʻina holoʻokoʻa o ka hoʻomākaukau silikona monocrystalline:

Nānā Kaʻina Hana:
Loaʻa ʻia ke silikona monocrystalline mai ka ʻaila silika ma o nā ʻanuʻu hoʻomaʻemaʻe. ʻO ka mua, loaʻa ka silika polycrystalline, a laila e ulu aʻe i loko o kahi monocrystalline silicon ingot i loko o kahi kapuahi ulu kristal. Ma hope iho, ʻoki ʻia, hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia, a hana ʻia i mau wafer silika kūpono no ka hana ʻana i ka chip.

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā wafer silikon i ʻelua mau ʻāpana:photovoltaic-gradeasemiconductor-grade. ʻOkoʻa kēia mau ʻano ʻelua i ko lākou ʻano, ka maʻemaʻe, a me ka maikaʻi o ka ʻili.

• Nā wafers semiconductor-gradeLoaʻa i ka maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe a hiki i ka 99.999999999%, a koi ʻia e monocrystalline.

• ʻO nā wafers kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻiʻaʻole maʻemaʻe, me nā pae maʻemaʻe mai ka 99.99% a i ka 99.9999%, a ʻaʻohe ona koi koʻikoʻi no ka maikaʻi aniani.

Eia hou, pono nā wafers semiconductor-grade i ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻili a me ka maʻemaʻe ma mua o nā wafers photovoltaic-grade. ʻO nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe no nā wafers semiconductor e hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī o kā lākou hoʻomākaukau a me kā lākou waiwai ma hope o nā noi.

Hōʻike ka pakuhi ma lalo nei i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā kikoʻī wafer semiconductor, i hoʻonui ʻia mai nā wafers 4-inihi (100mm) a me 6-inihi (150mm) a hiki i nā wafers 8-inihi (200mm) a me 12-inihi (300mm).

Ma ka hoʻomākaukau monocrystal silicon maoli, ʻokoʻa ka nui o ka wafer ma muli o ke ʻano noi a me nā kumu kumu kūʻai. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana maʻamau nā pahu hoʻomanaʻo i nā wafers 12-inihi, ʻoiai hoʻohana pinepine nā mea mana i nā wafers 8-inihi.

I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, ʻo ka ulu ʻana o ka nui wafer ka hopena o ke kānāwai a Moore a me nā kumu waiwai. ʻO ka nui o ka wafer nui e hiki ai i ka ulu ʻana o kahi wahi silika hoʻohana ma lalo o nā kūlana hana like, e hōʻemi ana i nā kumukūʻai hana ʻoiai e hōʻemi ana i ka ʻōpala mai nā kihi wafer.

Ma ke ʻano he mea koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻenehana hou, nā wafers silicon semiconductor, ma o nā kaʻina kikoʻī e like me ka photolithography a me ka implantation ion, e hiki ai ke hana i nā mea uila like ʻole, me nā mea hoʻoponopono kiʻekiʻe, transistors, bipolar junction transistors, a me nā mea hoʻololi. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia mau mea hana i nā kula e like me ka naʻauao artificial, nā kamaʻilio 5G, nā uila uila, ka Internet of Things, a me ka aerospace, e hana ana i ka pōhaku kihi o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka ʻenehana hou.

3. Monocrystalline Silicon Growth Technology

ʻO kaKeʻano Czochralski (CZ).He kaʻina hana kūpono no ka huki ʻana i nā mea monocrystalline kiʻekiʻe mai ka heheʻe. Manaʻo ʻia e Jan Czochralski i ka makahiki 1917, ʻike ʻia kēia ala ʻo kaHuki Crystalʻano hana.

I kēia manawa, hoʻohana nui ʻia ke ʻano CZ i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā mea semiconductor like ʻole. Wahi a nā helu helu piha ʻole, ma kahi o 98% o nā ʻāpana uila i hana ʻia mai ke silika monocrystalline, me 85% o kēia mau ʻāpana i hana ʻia me ke ʻano CZ.

Makemake ʻia ke ʻano CZ ma muli o kona ʻano kristal maikaʻi loa, ka nui hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ka wikiwiki o ka ulu ʻana, a me ka hana kiʻekiʻe. Hana kēia mau hiʻohiʻona iā CZ monocrystalline silicon i mea makemake nui no ka hālāwai ʻana i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, koi nui i ka ʻoihana uila.

ʻO ke kumu ulu o CZ monocrystalline silicon penei:

Pono ke kaʻina hana CZ i nā wela kiʻekiʻe, kahi ʻūhā, a me kahi wahi paʻa. ʻO nā mea hana nui no kēia kaʻina hana kakapuahi ulu aniani, ka mea e maʻalahi i kēia mau kūlana.

Hōʻike ke kiʻikuhi ma lalo nei i ke ʻano o ka umu hoʻoulu aniani.

Ma ke kaʻina hana CZ, hoʻokomo ʻia ke kilika maʻemaʻe i loko o kahi kīʻaha, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, a hoʻokomo ʻia kahi aniani hua i loko o ka silikoni hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. Ma ke kaohi pono ʻana i nā ʻāpana e like me ka mahana, ka huki huki, a me ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻololi ʻana, nā ʻātoma a i ʻole nā ​​molekole ma ke kikowaena o ke aniani hua a me ka silikoni hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e hoʻonohonoho hou ʻia, paʻa i ka wā e maʻalili ai ka ʻōnaehana a loaʻa i kahi aniani hoʻokahi.

Hoʻopuka kēia ʻenehana ulu kristal i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, nui-diameter monocrystalline silicon me nā ʻano aniani kikoʻī.

ʻO ke kaʻina hana ulu e pili ana i nā ʻanuʻu koʻikoʻi, me:

1. Wehewehe a hoʻouka: Wehe i ke aniani a hoʻomaʻemaʻe pono i ka umu ahi a me nā ʻāpana mai nā mea haumia e like me ka quartz, graphite, a me nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe.

2. Māmā a me ka hehee: Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka ʻōnaehana i kahi ʻōpala, a ukali ʻia e ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ke kinoea argon a me ka hoʻomehana ʻana o ka uku silicon.

3. Huki Crystal: Hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ke aniani hua i loko o ke silikoni hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, a mālama pono ʻia ka mahana o ka interface e hōʻoia i ka crystallization kūpono.

4. Ka Poohiwi a me ke Anawaena: I ka ulu ʻana o ke aniani, nānā pono ʻia kona anawaena a hoʻoponopono ʻia e hōʻoia i ka ulu like ʻana.

5. Hoʻopau i ka ulu a me ka pani ʻana i ka umu ahi: Ke hoʻokō ʻia ka nui aniani i makemake ʻia, pani ʻia ka umu ahi, a wehe ʻia ke aniani.

ʻO nā ʻanuʻu kikoʻī o kēia kaʻina hana e hōʻoia i ka hana ʻana i nā monocrystals kiʻekiʻe, kīnā ʻole i kūpono no ka hana semiconductor.

4. Nā pilikia i loko o ka Monocrystalline Silicon Production

ʻO kekahi o nā paʻakikī koʻikoʻi i ka hana ʻana i nā monocrystals semiconductor nui-diameter aia i ka lanakila ʻana i nā bottlenecks ʻenehana i ka wā o ka ulu ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi i ka wānana a me ka kāohi ʻana i nā hemahema kristal.

1. Kūlike ʻole ka Monocrystal maikaʻi a me ka hua haʻahaʻa: Ke piʻi aʻe ka nui o nā monocrystals silicon, piʻi ka paʻakikī o ka ulu ulu ʻana, e paʻakikī ai ke kāohi i nā mea e like me ka wela, kahe, a me nā māla magnetic. Hoʻopili kēia i ka hana o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka maikaʻi kūlike a me nā hua kiʻekiʻe.

2. Kaʻina Mana Paʻa ʻole: He paʻakikī loa ke kaʻina hana o ka semiconductor silicon monocrystals, me ka nui o nā māla kino e launa pū ana, e hana ana i ka pololei o ka mana a hiki ʻole i nā hua haʻahaʻa. ʻO nā hoʻolālā hoʻokele o kēia manawa ke nānā nui nei i nā ana macroscopic o ke aniani, ʻoiai ke hoʻoponopono ʻia nei ka maikaʻi ma muli o ka ʻike manual, e paʻakikī ai ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā koi no ka micro a me nano fabrication i nā chips IC.

No ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia mau pilikia, makemake nui ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka manawa maoli, ka nānā ʻana ma ka pūnaewele a me nā ala wanana no ka maikaʻi kristal, me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomalu e hōʻoia i ka hana paʻa, kiʻekiʻe o nā monocrystals nui no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaapuni hoʻohui.